Glossary: RRacial Profiling. See full article titled Racial Profiling. Rape. The crime of non-consensual sexual intercourse. See full article titled Rape. Rape Shield Laws. Statutes that prohibit the introduction of the victim's past sexual conduct into evidence in rape trials. Reaction Formation. Albert Cohen's term for his cultural deviance theory where lower-class youths reject middle-class values that they cannot obtain and join countercultures. Reasonable Doubt. Evidentiary standard used by jurors to determine if the prosecution has provided sufficient evidence to sustain a criminal conviction. Reasonable Resistance Standard. In the law of rape, the requirement that the victim must use the amount of resistive force required by the totality of the circumstances. Compare with the Utmost Resistance Standard. Reasonable Suspicion. Evidentiary standard less than probable cause that requires a suspicion that a person may be engaged in criminal conduct. Rebuttable Presumption. An assumption of fact by a court that can be overturned with sufficient proof. Rebutting Evidence. Evidence that is presented to outweigh evidence presented by the other side, such as bringing the honesty of testimony into question. Recognizance. Personal responsibility to return to court on a specified date. Recusal. The act of judges excusing themselves from a case, usually because of a conflict of interest. Reformatory. A detention facility designed to change criminal behavior. Rehabilitation. A term, usually associated with prisons, that means correcting or preventing future criminal behavior. Reintegration. A philosophy of corrections that seeks to lead offenders back into their communities. Release on Own Recognizance (ROR). An arrangement with the court whereby a defendant is set free without bail. Remand. To send back to a lower court. Remedy. A solution to a dispute between two parties. Reparations. Damages paid to victims for injuries incurred as a results of the actions of the defendant. Res Judicata. [Latin.] "Things Judged." A term referring to matters already decided by the court and thus not subject to being heard again. Respondeat Superior. [Latin.] Legal doctrine under which liability is imposed on an employer for the acts of an employee committed within the scope of employment. Respondent. Person asked to respond in a lawsuit or writ. Responsible. Legally accountable for actions and obligations. Restitution. Compensation paid by offenders for losses suffered by their victims. Restorative Justice. A model of justice which involves mediation between victims and offenders in which offenders accept responsibility for their actions and agree to reimburse victims for their losses. Retreat Rule. in self defense, the principle that you must retreat unless to do so would put you in unreasonable danger of death or serious injury. Retribution. Deterrence based on the idea that criminal should be punished because they deserve it. Reverse and Remand. A decision made by a higher court to set aside the verdict of the lower court, commanding that the trial court rehear the case with the suggested modifications. Reversible Errors. Mistakes made by judges during a trial that may result in a conviction being reversed. Rhode Island v. Innis. [446 U.S. 291 (1980)]. Where "the conversation between the two officers was, at least in form, nothing more than a dialogue between them to which no response from respondent was invited" there is no Miranda violation if the suspect makes incriminating statements. Right of Allocution. Right of defendants to speak before sentence is pronounced by the court. Right to Counsel. Right to be represented by an attorney at critical stages in the criminal justice process. Right to Private Property. See entry for Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ristaino v. Ross. [424 U.S. 589 (1976)]. "There was thus no error of constitutional dimensions when the state trial judge questioned veniremen about general bias or prejudice but declined to question them specifically about racial prejudice." Robbery. The taking and carrying away of the property of another by force or threat of force. Rochin v. California. [342 U.S. 165 (1952)]. Some methods of obtaining evidence (such as pumping a suspect's stomach) can be so "shocking" as to violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Routine Activities Theory. Theory of crime developed by Marcus Felson; the theory holds that crime is a tangible activity that depends on other activities in everyday life. Rule of Four. A U.S. Supreme Court rule whereby the court will grant certiorari only with the agreement of at least four of the nine justices. Rule of Law. Standards of behavior and rights are established by the law and no one is above the law. Rules of Civil Procedure. Rules that govern the conduct of all civil action brought in the jurisdiction where they are in force. Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rules that govern the conduct of all criminal cases brought in the jurisdiction where they are in force. Runaways. Juveniles that leave home for a protracted period of time without permission or supervision.
This page available at: |