ࡱ> }|a( / 0DArialngsH}(0(z[ 0 DTimes New Roman(0(z[ 0  DWingdingsRoman(0(z[ 0  A .  @n?" dd@  @@`` Ty      0AA@8ʚ;ʚ;g4NdNd@z[ 0Lppp@ <4ddddl 0 } 0___PPT10 ___PPT9h`H?  %.Statistical Notation ScoresMaking observations in a study will usually yield scores for each subject. Raw Scores are the original, unchanged scores obtained in the study. Scores for a particular variable are generally represented by the letter x. For example, if you make a score of 97 on a test, then x = 97. 62EScores in ColumnsA set of scores can be presented in a column that is headed by the letter x. For example, if five people take a quiz, you can show their scores as follows:  Scores on More than One VariableLets say that you are interested in two variables; in this case, the first variable is labeled x, and the second is labeled y. Let s say you want to consider the height (in inches) and weight (in pounds) of each subject. Your table would be constructed as follows: 6 _ How Many?It is usually useful to specify how many scores are in a set. We will use the Upper Case letter N to represent the number of scores in a population. We will use the Lower Case letter n to represent the number of scores in a sample.Z`( $( Summation NotationMany of the computations we will be doing involve first adding a set of scores together. Statisticians use the Greek letter sigma, ", to say  add these scores up. For example, we can interpret "X to mean  take all the scores represented by X and add them up. Lets say we have a group of four test scores: 90, 87, 93, 65. For this example, "X = 335 and N = 4j  Order of Operations&Recall from your math courses that certain math operations have to be done in a certain order this order is called the  order of operations. Since we will be making heavy use of the summation symbol, ", we will have to modify the order of operations to take it into account.K  4Order of Operations with "  Do anything contained in parentheses first. Squaring (or raising to any exponent) is done second. Multiply and divide third (series are done from left to right) Summation using sigma, ", is done fourth. Finally, other addition and subtraction is done. bo"B   The Computational TableOften in statistics, we need to modify a group of scores before we can do anything with them. If this involves a math operation, it is usually done with a computational table. $  Computational Table ExampleLets say we have a group of scores: 3,1,7,4 and we want to compute the sum of the scores, "X, and the square of the scores, "X2. We get "X by adding up all the scores in the X column. We get "X2 by squaring the scores in the X2 column, then adding them up. 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